Chapter 3 age & acquisition

teacher trainee

curricula

Dispelling Myths

·       age and acquisition

·       L1-->L2 procedure

·       7 argument

1.       Foreign language needs much practice?

2.       Mimic & imitation?

3.        natural order: separate sound -->word -->sentence

4.       Understanding always precedes speaking. Listen -->speak

5.       listening --> speaking -->reading -->writing

6.       translation?

7.       Use grammatical conventionalization in teaching a foreign language.

·       lap up vocabularies 自由自在地運用字彙

·       impeccable 無懈可擊的；沒有瑕疵的

·       analogy 相似；類比

·       demythologized 去除神話色彩的

·       shortcomings 缺點；短處

·       pitfall 陷阱；誘惑

·       constructivist

·       momentum 動力；要素

·       Stern, Cook, Schechter addressed the in consistencies of such analogies

·       at the very least

·       Child first language acquisition and adult second language acquisition are much important and easily to be compared.

·       matrix  母體；基體

·       age and type acquisition

·       vertical 垂直的 shaded area

·       puberty 青春期

·       A1--> wolf children......ignorance

·       pathological 病理學上的

·       cognitive, affective, and physical differences

Critical period hypothesis(CPH) is the proposal that there is a limited period during which language acquisition can occur.

·       Biological mechanisms cease to be available at or even before puberty.

·       Sensitive period hypothesis(weak version) is that, even though the same learning mechanisms are involved, second language learning will be more difficult for older learners.

·       biological timetables

·       thereof 關於......；由此......:因此

·       wane 衰弱；變小

·       Lenneberg(1976), Bickerton(1981)

·       a plethora of 一堆的(超多)~~

·        

I.         Neurobiological consideration/ The significance of accent

II.     Cognitive consideration

III. Affective consideration

IV. Linguistic consideration

i.          Bilingualism

·       Children learn two languages by the use of similar strategies

·       Key to success: distinguish separate contexts for the two languages

·       coordinate bilinguals: both language operate

·       bilinguals are not two monolinguals in the same head--> code-switching

·       facile 溫和的；靈巧的；容易的

·       Lambert: bilingual children are more facile at concept formation and have a greater mental flexibility

                                 ii.   Interference between First and second languages

·       Non-simultaneous 非同時發生的

·       Research confirms that the linguistic and cognitive processes of second language learning in young children are in general similar to first language processes.

·       intralingual

·       arena 活動場所

·       focally

·       peripherally 外圍地；外面地

·       The saliency(卓越；特點) of interference from the first language doesn't imply that interference is the most relevant or most crucial factors in adult second language acquisition.

·       Adults learning a second language manifest(表明) some of the same types of errors found in children learning their first language acquisition. 

·       secure 可靠的

·       Remember that the first language can be faciliteraing(促進的；幫助的) factor, not just an interfering factor.

iii.    Order of acquisition

·       Heidi Dulay and Marina Burt claimed that children learning a second language use a creative construction process, just as they do in their first language.

·       voluminous(卷數多的；大部分的) research data

·       acquisition order of 11 English morphemes

·       uncontractible copula(= linking verb 聯繫詞)

·       methodological 方法(論)的

·       validity 有效性；正確性；合法性

·       statistical(統計的) procedure

·       minute 微小的：詳細的